what causes atelectasis and DVTs and pulmonary embolisms.
	Atelectasis- caused by airway obstruction, lung compression such as occurs in pneumothorax or pleural effusion, or increased reoild of the lung due to loss of pulmonary surfactant
•	May develop during neonatal period or later in life. 
•	Obstruction caused by mucus plug in airway or by external compression by fluid, tumor mass, exudates, or other matter in the area surrounding the airway. 
•	Compression occurse when the pleural cavity is partially or completely filled with fluid, exudates, blood , and a tumor mass, or air.
	DVT- complicated by pulmonary embolism. Poor blood flow
•	Blood clot forms in the vein deep inside a muscle in your body. 
•	Blood clot can block circulation or lodge in a blood vessel in you lungs (pulmonary embolism) 
	
	Pulmonary Embolism- develops when blood-borne substance in a brand of the pulmonary artery and obstructs blood flow. 
•	Consists of a thrombus.
•	Almost all arise from DVT in the large viends of the lower legs.  
	Pleuritic chest pain
	Inflammation of the parietal pleura.
•	Results from somatic pain fibers that innervate the parietal pleura. 
•	Unilateral and abrupt in onset, made worse by chest movement of the inflamed or injured pleural surfaces
•	Tidal volumes usually kept small and breathing more rapid to maintain minute volume. 
•	In young people- caused by viral infections or pneumonia. 
o	Presence of pleural effusion or air in the pleural cavity requires further diagnosis. 

	Hyper/hypo capnia, hypoxemia, hypoxia (what physiologic phenomena occur with these, and signs and symptoms etc)
•	Hypoxemia is confirmed if arterial blood gas analysis shows decreased partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)
o	PO2 <60 mm Hg
•	Cyanosis 
•	Impaired function of vital centers
•	Agitated or combative behavior, euphoria, impaired judgment, convulsions, delirium, stupor, coma
•	Retinal hemorrhage
•	Hypotension and bradycardia
•	Activation of compensatory mechanisms
•	Sympathetic system activation
•	Hypercapnia-PCO2 >50 mm Hg
o	Respiratory acidosis
•	Increased respiration
•	Decreased nerve firing
•	Carbon dioxide narcosis
•	Disorientation, somnolence, coma
o	Decreased muscle contraction
•	Vasodilation
•	Headache, conjunctival hyperemia, warm flushed skin
	
	Look over asthma medications (albuterol, xopenex, proventil etc) and know the class of drugs used for bronchodilation, side effects, actions, etc
	Drug classification-
•	Long-term control (prophylactic)
o	Achieve and maintain control of persistent asthma
•	Quick relief (rescue)
o	Used during periods of acute symptoms and exacerbations
	Bronchodilators-
•	Prevent, treat bronchoconstriction
	Anti-inflammatory medications
•	Prevent, treat airway inflammation
•	Reduce bronchoconstriction
	Bronchodilators
•	Adrenergics
o	Stimulate receptors in bronchi and bronchioles
•	Producing bronchodilation
o	Adverse effects
•	Cardiac stimulation
o	Examples: albuterol, levalbuterol, epinephrine, fomorterol, metaproternol, salmeterol, terbutaline.
•	Anticholinergics
o	Block the action of acetylcholine in bronchial smooth muscle
•	Reduces bronchoconstrictive substance release
o	Adverse effects
•	Cough, nervousness, nausea, GI Upset, headache, dizziness
•	Vary depending on medication used. 
o	Examples: Ipratropium, tiotropium, xanthines short and long-acting theophylline, Comination-fluticasone/salmetrol, ipratropium/albuterol.
	
	Don't for get to study the heart anatomy that I gave you. This will be a fill in the blank picture that is worth 10 points.
	Vena Cava
	Right atrium
	Tricuspid valve
	Right ventricle
	Pulmonary arteries
	Lungs
	Pulmonary veins
	Left atrium
	Bicuspid valve
	Left ventricle 
	aorta
	
	Look over the patho book and general things that cause increased respiratory rates
	Fever, exercise, pain, and emotions such as anger increase respirations.
	Sleep or rest and various medications, such as antianxiety drugs, sedatives and opioids analgesics slow respirations.