Discuss each of the articles’ findings; include whether or not the researchers answered their research question.

According to Windle et al. (2006), the researchers for this study looked through many literature reviews of other research studies with the goal being to lessen pain with venipuncture. In the study done by Patterson, lidocaine was effective in low pain on venipuncture, but lidocaine did cause pain upon application, which was not the effect the researchers were wanting (Windle et all., 2006). Bacteriostatic normal saline (BNS) had the same convenience of use and being inexpensive as lidocaine; however, it had low pain on application, making it more ideal (Windle et al., 2006). According to Windle et al. (2006), the pain scores between BNS and lidocaine had no significant difference. A literature review by Fein, wanted to research the effects of anesthesia for venipuncture in children, resulting in showing that saline with benzyl alcohol and one percent lidocaine held no difference and were effective in placing an intravenous line in children although both did cause pain upon injection (Windle et al., 2006). 
 	According to Windle et al. (2006), researchers found in this particular study gender differences held no significance in the difference in pain score for anesthesia. The pain level was different when comparing BNS to lidocaine during intradermal wheal, with the pain scores of BNS being lower (Windle et al., 2006). When comparing the pain scores of intradermal injections, the difference between BNS and lidocaine was not significant, and both of these two groups had lower pain scores than participants not receiving pain medication (Windle et al., 2006). 
	This study did face some variables that may have affected the outcome due to not being controlled. One of these variables was the fact that both 18- and 20-gauge IV catheters were used. The size could have had an affect on the pain felt by the participant (Windle et al., 2006). Another variable not controlled was any conversation before, during, or after the insertion of the IV, which may have acted as a distracter to the participant (Windle et al., 2006). The researchers were able to answer their study question about whether their could determine a difference with intradermal injections and venipunctures when intradermal anesthesia was used. They were able to find that bacteriostatic normal saline was most ideal for lowering pain. The research was aimed to possibly change the techniques for these procedures (Windle et al., 2010). 
	In the article written by Eggenberger, Keller, and Locsin (2010), it was found that the students were getting to know the patient and expressing caring using Carper’s fundamental patterns of knowing. Carper’s framework allows for a connection between theory and practice and includes empirical knowing, aesthetic knowing, ethical knowing, and personal knowing (Eggenberger et al., 2010). 
In this particular simulation, the students had to learn to develop a caring relationship with the patient’s wife as well at the patient. The students exhibited empirical knowing by taking what they had learned through textbooks and lectures and applying it to the practice (Eggenberger et al., 2010). According to Eggenberger et al. (2010), aesthetic knowing was found in the study through the students putting together their knowledge of how people interact and applying it to the scenario. The personal knowledge was found through the connection the student or nurse makes with the patient and in the desire to help them (Eggenberger et al., 2010). According to Eggenberger et al. (2010), the students exhibited ethical knowledge through respecting the rights of the patient and his family. 	
Although not all of nursing theory does not get connected to practice, the students were found to be able to take in the different connections they needed and caring for the patient effectively (Eggenberger et al., 2010). Through these findings the researchers were able to show that caring can still be present in emergent situations through the use of Carper’s framework. These findings allowed the researchers to answer their study question on whether compassion could be present in emergency type situations (Eggenberger et al., 2010).
Discuss what each of the articles’ authors concluded.

In the article by Windle et al. (2006), through the research it was concluded that changing the way intravenous lines are started would be favorable not only to the hospital, but also the patient. BNS was concluded to be most ideal in lowering pain for IV insertion, along with low risks, side effects, and being cost-effective (Windle et al., 2006). According to Windle et al. (2006), using bacteriostatic normal saline during intravenous insertion should be helpful in increasing satisfaction and quality of care that is cost-effective for the patients. Overall, Windle et al. (2006), concluded that a change needed to come to the current technique to improve outcomes for the patient and the hospital. 
According to Eggenberger et al. (2010), the findings in the study concluded that in order to properly nurse a patient, a person must connect with the patient and the significant others. The faculties that are instructing these students must be secure in caring for patients and encourage the student to be present with the patient and family (Eggenberger et al., 2010). According to Eggenberger et al. (2010), this study concluded that simulated scenarios should be made to encourage the students through care based nursing in emergent situations. “Results from this study indicate that not only is it possible to value caring behaviors within emergent situations, but that there is great potential for evaluating caring behaviors in simulated nursing situations” (Eggenberger et al., 2010). 

Resources
Eggenberger, T., Keller, K., & Locsin, R., (2010). Valuing caring behaviors within simulated emergent nursing situations. In International Journal of Human Caring, 14 (2), 23-29.
Windle, P., Kwan, M., Warwick, H., Sibayan, A., Espiritu, C., & Vergara, J. (2006). Comparison of bacteriostatic normal saline and lidocaine used as intradermal anesthesia for the placement of intravenous lines. In Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 21 (4), 251-258.