Answer Key
Question 1:
(see
full question) |
Your client has been diagnosed with
pericarditis. You know that this means there is inflammation in
which area? |
| You selected: |
A fibroserous sac
in which the heart is enclosed. |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: The
layers of the heart are the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium.
The endocardium is the memb...(more)
The layers of the heart
are the endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium. The endocardium is
the membrane lining the heart chambers. It is continuous with the
endothelial lining of blood vessels entering and leaving the heart,
and it covers the heart valves. The myocardium is the strong
muscular layer of the heart that provides the pumping power for
circulation of blood. The epicardium is the outer, serous layer of
the heart. The heart is enclosed in a fibroserous sac called the
pericardium.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington,
S.S., & Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for
Nursing Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters
Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 758. (less) |
|
Question 2:
(see
full question) |
Contraction of the right atrium sends
blood through which of the following? |
| You selected: |
Mitral
valve |
| Incorrect |
|
| Correct response: |
Tricuspid
valve |
|
Explanation: The
triscuspid valve separates the right atrium from the right
ventricle; blood flowing from the rig...(more)
The triscuspid valve
separates the right atrium from the right ventricle; blood flowing
from the right atrium into the right ventricle passes through this
valve. The mitral valve separates the left atrium and ventricle;
blood flowing from the left atrium into the left ventricle passes
through this valve. Blood flowing from the right ventricle into the
pulmonary artery passes through the pulmonic valve. Blood flowing
from the left ventricle into the aorta passes through the aortic
valve.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S.,
& Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing
Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 759. (less) |
|
Question 3:
(see
full question) |
Dysfunction of the endothelial cells
is a major factor in many serious cardiovascular disorders. What is
the primary cause of endothelial dysfunction? |
| You selected: |
Injury to the
vessel wall |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: The
main cause of endothelial dysfunction is injury to the blood vessel
wall from trauma or disease ...(more)
The main cause of
endothelial dysfunction is injury to the blood vessel wall from
trauma or disease processes. The injury alters the normal regulatory
forces and leads to vasospasm, thrombosis, growth of the intimal
layer of the blood vessel, rupture of atherosclerotic plaque, tissue
ischemia and infarction, and dysrhythmias.
Reference:
Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S., & Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug
Therapy: Rationales for Nursing Practice, 9th ed.,
Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47: Physiology of the Cardiovascular System,
p. 761. (less) |
|
Question 4:
(see
full question) |
The electrical impulses flow in the
following manner: |
| You selected: |
Sinoatrial node,
the atrioventricular node, bundle of His, right and left bundle
branches, and Purkinje fibers. |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: The
heart contains special cells that can carry electrical impulses much
more rapidly than ordinary ...(more)
The heart contains
special cells that can carry electrical impulses much more rapidly
than ordinary muscle fibers. This special conduction system consists
of the sinoatrial (SA) node, the atrioventricular node, bundle of
His, right and left bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers. The
electrical current flows over the heart in an orderly way to produce
contraction of both atria, then both
ventricles.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington,
S.S., & Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for
Nursing Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters
Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 759. (less) |
|
Question 5:
(see
full question) |
Special bundles of unique tissue in
the heart transmit and coordinate electrical impulses to stimulate
the heart to beat. Based on this information, which is the correct
sequence of steps for the path of an electrical impulse through the
conduction system of the heart? 1. Purkinje fibers to muscles of
ventricles 2. Bundle of His (AV bundle) 3. SA (sinoatrial) node 4.
AV (atrioventricular) node 5. Right and left bundle branches |
| You selected: |
3, 4, 2, 5, 1
|
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: Conduction
System of the Heart: SA (sinoatrial) node (pacemaker); AV
(atrioventricular) node; bundle...(more)
Conduction System of
the Heart: SA (sinoatrial) node (pacemaker); AV (atrioventricular)
node; bundle of His (AV bundle); right and left bundle branches;
Purkinje fibers to muscles of ventricles.
Reference:
Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S., & Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug
Therapy: Rationales for Nursing Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia:
Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009,
Chapter 47: Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 759. (less) |
|
Question 6:
(see
full question) |
In which of the following situations
would blood be most likely to be rapidly relocated from central
circulation to the lower extremities?
|
| You selected: |
A client is helped
out of bed and stands up |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: During
a change in body position, blood is rapidly relocated from the
central circulation (when the ...(more)
During a change in body
position, blood is rapidly relocated from the central circulation
(when the patient is recumbent) to the lower extremities (when the
patient stands up). This results in a temporary drop in blood
pressure known as postural hypotension and reflects the
redistribution of blood in the body.
Reference:
Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S., & Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug
Therapy: Rationales for Nursing Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia:
Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009,
Chapter 47: Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, pp. 758-761.
(less) |
|
Question 7:
(see
full question) |
The nursing instructor is discussing
various therapies for cardiovascular disorders. Which of the
following cardiovascular disorders can be treated with drug
therapy? |
| You selected: |
Atherosclerosis |
| Incorrect |
|
| Correct response: |
All the
above |
|
Explanation: Cardiovascular
disorders usually managed with drug therapy include atherosclerosis,
ischemia, myocar...(more)
Cardiovascular
disorders usually managed with drug therapy include atherosclerosis,
ischemia, myocardial infarction, heart failure, cardiac
dysrhythmias, hypertension, hypotension, and shock.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S., &
Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing
Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 761. (less) |
|
Question 8:
(see
full question) |
The pathway for blood flow through the
heart is: |
| You selected: |
Right atria to
right ventricle to pulmonary artery through lungs to pulmonary veins
to left atria and then to left ventricle. |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: The
heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The right
atrium receives deoxygenated bl...(more)
The heart has four
chambers: two atria and two ventricles. The right atrium receives
deoxygenated blood from the body by way of the vena cava; the right
ventricle sends deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary
circulation. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the
lungs through the pulmonary veins. The left ventricle pumps
oxygenated blood through the systemic
circuit.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S.,
& Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing
Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 758. (less) |
|
Question 9:
(see
full question) |
As part of their orientation to a
cardiac care unit, a group of recent nursing graduates is receiving
a refresher in cardiac physiology from the unit educator. Which of
the following teaching points best captures a component of cardiac
function? |
| You selected: |
“The diastolic
phase is characterized by relaxation of ventricles and their filling
with blood.” |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: Diastole
is associated with ventricular filling and relaxation. Cardiac
output is not 100% or near t...(more)
Diastole is associated
with ventricular filling and relaxation. Cardiac output is not 100%
or near to it with each cardiac cycle, and heart sounds are
associated with valve closing. Ventricular pressure exceeds that of
the aorta during systole.
Reference: Abrams, A.C.,
Pennington, S.S., & Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy:
Rationales for Nursing Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters
Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 759. (less) |
|
Question 10:
(see
full question) |
When providing client education
relative to cardiovascular drugs, you would include all of the
following uses EXCEPT: |
| You selected: |
Cardiovascular
drugs may be given to increase cardiac demand. |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: Cardiovascular
drugs may be given to increase or decrease cardiac output, blood
pressure, and heart ...(more)
Cardiovascular drugs
may be given to increase or decrease cardiac output, blood pressure,
and heart rate; to alter heart rhythm; to increase or decrease blood
clotting; to alter the quality of blood; and to decrease chest pain
of cardiac origin. In addition, these drugs may be given for
palliation of symptoms without alteration of the underlying disease
process.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S.,
& Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing
Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 761. (less) |
|
Question 11:
(see
full question) |
The nurse assists and educates clients
about the structure and function of the cardiovascular system and
its components. Based on the information, what is the correct
response by the client about what is the normal “pacemaker” of the
heart? |
| You selected: |
SA (sinoatrial)
node |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: The
normal pacemaker of the heart is the SA node, not the AV node,
bundle of His, or Purkinje fibers...(more)
The normal pacemaker of
the heart is the SA node, not the AV node, bundle of His, or
Purkinje fibers.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington,
S.S., & Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for
Nursing Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 759. (less) |
|
Question 12:
(see
full question) |
The nurse is reviewing with the client
the three major layers of the heart wall and how they relate to the
pericardium. What is the best description by the nurse to the client
about the myocardium layer of the heart? |
| You selected: |
Thick, strong
muscles making up the middle layer |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: Thick,
strong muscles making up the middle layer is known as the
myocardium. The thin outer layer of...(more)
Thick, strong muscles
making up the middle layer is known as the myocardium. The thin
outer layer of the cardiac wall is known as the epicardium. The
endocardium is a membrane lining the heart's interior wall. The
pericardium is the outermost layer anchoring the
heart.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S.,
& Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing
Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 759. (less) |
|
Question 13:
(see
full question) |
A nurse is measuring the BP of a
client. The client asks what the BP measures. What is the best
response by the nurse about the measurement of BP?
|
| You selected: |
Pressure of blood
within the arteries |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: When
measuring BP, the systolic (contraction) pressure and the diastolic
(relaxation) pressure of th...(more)
When measuring BP, the
systolic (contraction) pressure and the diastolic (relaxation)
pressure of the blood within the arteries are recorded. The pressure
of blood within the veins, within the heart, or within the lungs is
not recorded for measuring BP.
Reference: Abrams,
A.C., Pennington, S.S., & Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy:
Rationales for Nursing Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters
Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, pp. 759-760. (less) |
|
Question 14:
(see
full question) |
A nurse is assessing the vital signs
of a client. The client inquires about the functions of the
arteries. What should the nurse include in the client education
about the function of arteries?
|
| You selected: |
To carry
oxygenated blood to the body cells |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: Arteries
are elastic and smooth muscular tubes that, with the exception of
the pulmonary artery, car...(more)
Arteries are elastic
and smooth muscular tubes that, with the exception of the pulmonary
artery, carry oxygenated blood to body cells. To exchange oxygen and
nutrients with cells is the function of the capillaries. Veins flow
the blood back into the heart. Systemic veins and venules serve as
capacitance vessels.
Reference: Abrams, A.C.,
Pennington, S.S., & Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy:
Rationales for Nursing Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters
Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, pp. 759-760. (less) |
|
Question 15:
(see
full question) |
The nurse is reviewing with the client
the three major layers of the heart wall and how they relate to the
pericardium. What is the best description by the nurse to the client
about the endocardium layer of the heart? |
| You selected: |
A membrane lining
the heart's interior wall |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: The
thin outer layer of the cardiac wall is known as the epicardium.
Thick, strong muscles making up...(more)
The thin outer layer of
the cardiac wall is known as the epicardium. Thick, strong muscles
making up the middle layer is known as the myocardium. The
endocardium is a membrane lining the heart's interior wall. The
pericardium is the outermost layer anchoring the
heart.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S.,
& Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing
Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, pp. 758-759. (less) |
|
Question 16:
(see
full question) |
A nurse is explaining to a client the
physiology of the heart with reference to the cardiac valves. Which
statement by the client about the function of the cardiac valves
demonstrates the correct understanding of the nurse's
explanation? |
| You selected: |
Allow blood to
flow in one direction only |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: The
cardiac valves are one-way flaps of tissue that open and close in
response to pressure changes w...(more)
The cardiac valves are
one-way flaps of tissue that open and close in response to pressure
changes within the chambers. These unidirectional valves allow blood
to flow in one direction only, preventing backflow. The cardiac
valves do not contract with sufficient force to pump blood; that is
the function of the left ventricle. The atria heart chambers are
receiving centers for blood. A complete muscular wall called the
septum divides the heart into right and left
sides.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S.,
& Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing
Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 759. (less) |
|
Question 17:
(see
full question) |
The student nurses are studying the
conduction system of the heart. The instructor explains that the
electrical conduction of the heart usually originates in the SA
node. What sequences completes the conduction? |
| You selected: |
SA node to AV node
to bundle of HIS to Purkinjie fibers |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: The
normal conduction route is SA node to AV node to bundle of HIS to
Purkinjie fibers. Therefore Op...(more)
The normal conduction
route is SA node to AV node to bundle of HIS to Purkinjie fibers.
Therefore Options A, B, and C are
incorrect.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S.,
& Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing
Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 759. (less) |
|
Question 18:
(see
full question) |
Erythrocytes have a longer lifespan
than leukocytes or platelets. What is the approximate lifespan of an
erythrocyte? |
| You selected: |
60 days |
| Incorrect |
|
| Correct response: |
120
days |
|
Explanation: The
lifespan of an erythrocyte is approximately 120 days. The lifespan
of a leukocyte is a few hours...(more)
The lifespan of an
erythrocyte is approximately 120 days. The lifespan of a leukocyte
is a few hours, and unused platelets circulate for roughly one
week.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S.,
& Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing
Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 761. (less) |
|
Question 19:
(see
full question) |
Your client has severe aortic valve
disease. When educating your client about anatomy, you would include
which of the following? |
| You selected: |
The aortic valve
separates the left ventricle and aorta. |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: Heart
valves function to maintain the one-way flow of blood and prevent
backflow. The mitral valve s...(more)
Heart valves function to
maintain the one-way flow of blood and prevent backflow. The mitral
valve separates the left atrium and left ventricle. The tricuspid
valve separates the right atrium and right ventricle. The pulmonic
valve separates the right ventricle and pulmonary artery. The aortic
valve separates the left ventricle and
aorta.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S.,
& Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing
Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 759. (less) |
|
Question 20:
(see
full question) |
Which of the following is true
regarding the pulmonary circulation?
|
| You selected: |
It is a low
pressure system that allows for improved gas exchange |
| Correct |
|
|
Explanation: The
pulmonary circulation consists of the right heart, and the pulmonary
artery, capillaries and vei...(more)
The pulmonary
circulation consists of the right heart, and the pulmonary artery,
capillaries and veins. It is the smaller of the systems at functions
at a lower pressure to assist with gas
exchange.
Reference: Abrams, A.C., Pennington, S.S.,
& Lammon, C.B. Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing
Practice, 9th ed., Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer
Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, Chapter 47:
Physiology of the Cardiovascular System, p. 758. (less) |
|
