Pathology-the essential nature, causes, & develop of abnormal conditions, as well as structural & functional changes that result from disease Pathogenesis-pathologic/ physiologic/biochemical mechanism resulting in develop of disease Etiology-study of causes of disease & their mode of operation Idiopathic-cannot find a cause Diagnosis-naming disease Prognosis-expected outcome Iatrogenic-prob due to medical intervention Pharmacodynamics-drugs impact at site of action Pharmacokinetics-how drug gets to site of action-absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion Ideal drug properties-efficacy, safety, selectivity-more selective less side effects Pharmotherapeutics-vit, birth control, sunblock, treats disease Common cause 4 adverse reactions in elderly-genetics, habits, meds, health Schedule I-highly addictive, no use in us medicine. Schedule II-high potential for abuse. Schedule III&IV-some potential abuse.  Schedule V-less potential 4 abuse, more lenient distributing K-most abundant intracellular cation. major role in conducting nerve impulses, maintaining electrical excitability of muscle, & helps regulate acid-base balance. Hypokalemia-below 3.5mEq/L, common causes-diuretic, other reasons-excessive insulin, increas renal excretion of K, vomit, diarrhea, laxative abuse, excess sweat. Adverse-weakness/paralysis of skeletal muscle, fatal dysrhythmia, intestinal dilation & illeus, increase risk for stroke/hypertension. Hyperkalemia-causes-addisons, k-sparing diuretics, acute acidosis. Adverse-dysrhythmia-1st sign, muscular irritability, weakness, numbness/tingling, can lead to cardiac arrest Na-(136-145)chief cation of extracellular fld. regulates osmolarity, neurologic balance, buffering acidity. Hyponatremia-seizure, hyper-reflexia, restlessness, headache, salt craving, anxiety, muscle cramping. Hypernatremia-thirst, hypertension, hyperventilation, lethargy, edema, coma, death Acidosis-acute onset-lactic acidosis. gradual onset-diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure Alkalosis-prolonged vomiting, GI suctioning, excessive bicarbonate intake, diuretic therapy Peripheral vascular pressure: Oncotic-pressure H2O follows protein. Hydrostatic-fld is stuck..venous occlusion increases pressure to point tht fld is forced out of blood vessel Round worms:Giant roundworm(ascariasis)-most prevalent. travel from intestine to liver,gallbladder,pancreatic ducts,bile ducts& can cause intestinal obstruction.
Pinworm(enterobiasis)-most common US, extremely contagious, itchy butt. Hookworm(ancylostomiasis)-crawls through feet &travels 2 intestine & suck blood, get progressive anemia, nausea, vomit, abd pain. Whipworm(trichuriasis)-common, live in intestine for 10yrs, can get big & cause rectal prolapse. Threadworm(strongyloisiasis)-small intestine, abd pain, diarrhea, extreme infection. Tapeworm(cestodes): taeniasis(beef/pork worm)-attach to intestine wall, usually assymptomatic. Fish(diphyllobothriasis)-fish larvae, attach to illeum, usually assymptomatic. Mebendazole-drug choice 4 intestinal roundworms. also used 4 pinworm,hookworm, whipworm,& giant woundworm. prevents glucose uptake-starve 2death. avoid in pregnancy, especially 1st tri. can chew, crush,/swallow. 100mg-3-5day/more 500mg-1day treatment Tissue growth fraction:G1-synthesis 4 DNA production. S-make DNA. G2-synthesis 4 cellular reproduction. M-mitosis. G0-rest period-not in cancer Neutrophil counts(2500-7000cells/mm3) neutropenia-can happen several days-several weeks after chemo. nadir-lowest neutrophil count. if below 500-chemo withheld til close 2 normal again Nebulizers r used for asthma. small machine tht takes several minutes to deliver medicine, finer mist than inhalers Inhalers: Metered dose-shake, pt shld inhale proir to activating device, give 1-2 puffs, if 2 then wait atleast 1min in between, can use spacer Angiotension II-vasoconstrictor, releases aldosterone, alters cardiac &vascular structures. Renin catalyzes angiotensin I from angiotensinogen, ACE inhibitors block it Hemodynamic-pressure. resistance-vessel size, length, viscosity. Flow-cardiac pump potential, volume. Preload-blood volm. Afterload-peripheral resistance-vasoconstriction