KEY CONCEPTS
Week Nine

Components of sound and where they are interpreted: Components of sound are amplitude and frequency. Amplitude is how loud and frequency is the pitch. The are interpreted by air and bone. TM-connects to the middle ear connects to the inner ear and the eustachion tube connects to the nasopharynx.
Significance of bifid uvula 1 in 250 people, common in native americans, inuits, asians
Over-the-counter nasal spray use: nasal spray is used to decrease inflammation and clear the nasal passage. 
Untreated strep throat: Can cause heart complications. 
Changes in mouth due to pregnancy: gum hypertrophy, gingivitis. 
Indications of allergies: salute sign in children, headache, facial pressure, pain, obstructive breathing, cough, nasal congestion. 
Infants – tooth eruption, drooling, etc.: drooling becomes noticeable at 4 months of age. Teeth develop in utero and erupt between the ages of 5-27 months. Primary dentition occurs at 6 months. 
Tonsils – how to grade, what normal looks like: 1+ 0-25% to midline, pink tissue, moist, no margins or enlargement. 2+ 25-50% to midline, 3+ 50-75% to midline 4+ 75-100% to midline
Vertigo vs. pruritus vs. tinnitus vs. cholesteatoma: Vertigo causes dizziness and affects balance, tinnitus is buzzing or ringing in the ears, priritus is itching or desire to scratch, cholesteatoma is abnormal skin growth in the middle ear which causes symptoms similar to vertigo. 
Risk factors for ear infections in young children: gender, heredity, age, family history, lifestyle choices, environmental risks
Why young children are more likely to have ear infections than adults: little kids have short, flat, eustachian tube.
Conductive vs. sensorineural hearing loss – causes: conductive hearing loss occurs when soundwave through external or middle ear is disrupted. Sensorineural is inner ear or auditory cortex problem. 
Air conduction vs. bone conduction: air conduction is most efficient, normal pathway for sound. Bone conduction bypasses the external ear. 
Cranial nerve that innervates the ear CN VIII, auditory nerve. 
Purpose of eustachian tube: Conduit that connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx and allows for pressure regulation. 
What tympanic membrane should like like: oblique, translucent, multi layers, pearly grey
Cerumen – colors, normal or not, purpose. Cerumen helps protect the tympanic membrane and ear from foreign objects. Yellow/dark brown in caucasians and African Americans. Grey/White in asians and native americans. 
Significance of fluid draining from ear after head trauma: patients with trauma need evaluation for injury to the brain, basilar skull fractures and neck injury.