Hemoglobin A1C: measures how well a person is controlling their diabetes.  6-12 week period, encompassing 120 days. Less than 7%. Kidney disease 
Osteoporosis: metabolic bone disease; decreased bone density;increased porosity;common sites are vertebrae of the lower dorsal and lumbar spine, wrist, and hips. Risk: female sex, advanced age, small stature, low calcium intake, menopause. Women are more likely to develop.
Fosamax: Biphosphanate; Alendeonate: binds to bone and inhibits calcium reabsoption from bone. Given for osteoporosis and Piaget's disease.
Posterior gland: Oxytocin and Vasopressin
Type 1 Diabetes: autoimmune occurs in childhood; destroys pancreatic beta cells; sudden onset between ages 4-20yrs old;exogenous insulin; 10% of people have it
Type 2 Diabetes: characterized by hyperglycemia and insulin resistance; Obesity. Myocardial infarctions and strokes; beta cell exhaustion. Dark ring around the neck and skin turgor
Insulins: Humulin R & Novolin R: short acting; only insulin that can be given orally; peak 2-3; duration 5-7
               NPH & Humulin N & Novolin N: Isophane insulin; intermediate acting; peak 8-12; duration 18-24
               Humalog: insulin lispro; peak 1/2-11/2; duration 6-8; 15 minutes before meals
               Novolog: peak 1-3 duration 3-5
               Lantus: Insulin glargine; long acting; must be diluted or mixed; once daily at bedtime; peak none; duration 24
               Apidra: Insulin glulisine; clear colorless; rapid onset; shorter duration; 15-20 minutes before meal; peak 1; duration 4
               Determir: Insulin levemir; long acting; diluted; peak none; duration 6-23
Oral Drugs: Glimepiride; 1 hour; peak 2-3. with breakfast; max 8mg daily
breakfast
                     Glyburide: max 20 mg daily; breakfast; given in smaller doses
                     Precose: Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitor; delays digestion of carbohydrates; max 50mg 3x a day
                     Miglitol: Glyset; delays digestion of carbohydrates in GI tract; max 100 mg 3x day
                     Biguanide Metformin: Glucophage; older adults get lactic acidosis; monitor renal function
Regular Insulin: can be given by IV
150mg lost daily; contraction of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle; hormone secretion
Vitamin D: defenciency causes inadequate absorption of calcium and phosphate; causes osteomalasia; sun
Calcitonin: from thyroid gland; lower serum calcium in presence of hypercalcemia; rapid with short duration
Diabetic Neuropathy: lesions that occur concurently int he diabetic kidney; genetic and familial predeposition; affects the glomeruli
Diabetic Retinopathy: diabetes is the leading cause of blidness; abnormal retinal vascular permeabililty; hemorrhage, scaring, and renal detachment; Retinopathy refers to non-inflammatory damages to the retina of the eye, in most cases, due to problems with blood supply. The retina is a tissue located at the back of the eye and sensitive to light. Retinopathy leads to decreased makes small blood vessels in the eye (called capillaries) become particularly fragile and develop weakened spots called micro aneurysms. Fluid is then leaked onto the macula, which is responsible for precise vision. This problem is referred to as macular edema. As the disease progresses, some of the 
Acromegaly: occurs in adulthood or after the epiphyses of long bones have fused; exaggeriated growth of the ends of the extremeties fingers, hands, toes; 40-45 yrs old; 3-4 cases per 1 million; most common is GH secreting adenomas most of which are beign; insidious onset; cannot grow taller but soft tissue continues to grow; enlargement of hands ad feet; protruding of jaw; slanting foreheadof the epiphyses of the long bones; excessive secretion of GH by somatrotrope adenomas causes gigantism in the prepubertal child; epiphyses are not fused and high levels of IGF-1 stimulate excessive skeletal growth
Vitamin D: 400 unit 6months-24yrs old; 200 units 25-50; 400 units 51-70; 600 70 and older; 800 units for individuals at risk for defiency due to lack of sunlight
Hypocalcemia: low blood calcium level <8.5 mg; neuromuscular irritability; tetany numbness and tingling of the lips, fingers and toes; twithing of facial 
Hypercalcemia: abnormally high >10.5mg; cancer is a common cause
Trousseau test: associated with hypocalcemia; used to test for increased neuromuscular excitability; inflated blood pressure cuff is used to test; the cuff is inflated 10 mm Hg above systolic pressure for 3 minutes, contractions of the fingers and hands indicates the presence of tetany
Humalog: synthetic insulin created by reversing two amino acids; faster onset short duration; causes hypoglycemia and anaphylaxis; watch for hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia; 2 nurses must check
Metformin: cannot take if there is an infection; lactic acidosis; do not crush oe chew XR tablets
Addison's disease: destruction of the adrenal cortex; prolonged corticosteroids; inadequate production of cortisol and aldosterone; high 
Cushing's disease: excessive corticotropin or a primary adrenal tumor; too much ACTH. bruise easy and don't heal especially people on Predazone
Glucose and stress: cortisol and epinephrine
Hypothalamus: produces a releasing hormone to accelerate the secretion of an inhibiting hormone; helps with metabolism; chemical messegers-aldosterone gets secreted when stressed
Glucocorticoids: if suddenly stopped adrenal insufficiency bc adrenal glands are not making enough hormones
Glipizide: onset of action 1-1.5; duration 10-16 hours; aplastic anemia
Hypoglycemia: confusion, sweating, tingling around the mouth
DKA: Insulin deficincy; fat is used for energy; fat circulates in the blood;blurred vision, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, check urine for ketones
GH Hormone: may develop slipped capital femoral epiphyses
OGTT Test: measures the bodys ability to metabolize glucose; after 2 hrs higher than 200
Foods: pollen, gingko biloba, glucosamine increase glucose levels; basil, bay leaf, cinnamon, garlic may decrease blood glucose levels